3.129.  The competent authorities for regulating and executing sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) requirements in Indonesia are: the Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency (FQIA) which falls under the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the BPOM which falls under the President's authority, and various entities under the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) (the Indonesian Agricultural Quarantine Agency (IAQA), the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health, the Directorate General of Horticulture, the Directorate General of Estate Crops; the Directorate General of Food Crops, and the Indonesian Agency for Food Security). The IAQA is Indonesia's national notification authority under the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, and national enquiry points are: the IAQA, the FQIA, and the Director of Standardization for Processed Food

3.130.  Over the review period, various new SPS-related laws entered into force: Law No. 21 of 2019 on Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine; Law No. 41 of 2014 concerning Livestock Services and Animal Heath[370]; the Halal Product Assurance Law (Law No. 33 of 2014)[371]; and Law No. 19 of 2013 concerning Protection and Empowerment of Farmers (Farmers Law).[372] Additionally, Law No. 18/2009 concerning State Crops was amended under Law No. 39/2014. Other SPS-relevant laws are Law No. 18/2012 concerning Food[373]; Law No. 31/2004 on Fisheries (as amended by Law No. 45/2009)[374]; and Law No. 13 of 2010 on Horticulture (Table 3.22). Numerous SPS-related regulations were issued over the review period

3.131.  Indonesia is a member of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and is a contracting party to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

3.132.  SPS-related agreements reached between Indonesia and third countries over the review period include: a partnership arrangement on the implementation of electronic certification (with Australia in 2016); an MRA on the application of plant quarantine and phytosanitary measures (Pakistan, 2013 (for five years)); a partnership agreement on the launch of the project on electronic certification (Netherlands, 2015); an MOU on Biosecurity Quarantine Activities (Papua New Guinea, 2018 (for five years)); an arrangement for exporting palm kernel expeller (New Zealand, 2013); the Protocol of Phytosanitary Requirement for the Export of Mangosteen Fruits from Indonesia to China (China, 2019); and the Protocol of Phytosanitary Requirement for the Export of Dragon Fruits from Indonesia to China (China, 2019). Additionally, a letter of intent was signed between Indonesia and the FAO (2014)

3.133.  According to the authorities, the review period saw infrastructural improvements to laboratories operated by the Research and Development Agency and quarantine facilities. Since early 2018, the Indonesian Quarantine Full Automation System (IQFAST) has been operational, it integrates various kinds of information system platforms for quarantine service users, other agencies, and competent authorities/governments of trading partners. This has reportedly increased transparency, optimized risk mitigation, assisted in the export acceleration of Indonesian agricultural products, and led to improvements in the quarantine inspection application (PPK online) for quarantine service users. IQFAST data was integrated into the INSW (Section 3.1.1.1) and into the iMace application, which maps exports

3.134.  All SPS-related regulations are issued at central government level, following coordination with subnational governments. Over the period January 2013 to 16 April 2020, Indonesia submitted 134 regular notifications to the WTO Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Five of these were emergency notifications, which related to measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and Avian Influenza. The 60-day period for comments applied to 18 regular notifications. Most notifications relate to human health and food-safety objectives (Chart 3.4). The authorities estimate that 97% of Indonesian standards conform to the relevant international standards

3.135.  According to the WITS database, SPS measures cover nearly 20% of the value of Indonesia's imports.[375] It has also been estimated that SPS measures have a significant impact on import prices. The World Bank Group estimates that non-tariff measures, such as quality requirements, other SPS measures, hygiene measures, and SPS conformity, add between 15% and 40% to the price of imports in ad valorem terms.[376] Chart 3.4 Main elements contained in SPS measures notified by Indonesia, January 2013 to mid-April 2020

3.136.  Over the review period, three STCs about Indonesia's SPS measures were raised in the WTO SPS Committee. In 2019, Brazil raised a concern related to undue delays in authorization procedures for beef; in 2018, the European Union raised one about approval procedures for animal and plant products; and, in 2016, the Philippines raised one about food safety measures affecting horticultural products and animal products.[377]

3.137.  Over the review period, two new WTO dispute settlement cases, which relate, inter alia, to rules under the WTO SPS Agreement, were brought by Brazil regarding Indonesia's measures concerning the importation of bovine meat (DS 506) and measures concerning the importation of chicken meat and chicken products (DS 484) (Section 2.3.1.1 and Table 2.4)

3.138.  The main regulation governing food safety is GR No. 86 of 2019. This includes, inter alia, provisions on food sanitation, including maximum residue limits, food additive rules, genetically engineered foods (see below), food irradiation, and food packaging standards.[378]

3.139.  The Indonesia Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) is responsible for determining which food additives are permitted and prohibited, and for setting maximum limits for their use; according to the authorities, it follows Codex standards. It maintains a list of 27 groups of food additives, with each group having several types of additive.[379] Maximum limits for food additive use are set out in various regulations. Over the review period, Indonesia notified to the WTO various food additive regulations relating to: maximum levels of food additives for specific food categories; flavourings; preservatives; sweeteners; antioxidants; colouring agents; bulking agents; stabilizers; flavor enhancers; foaming agents; colour retention agents; emulsifiers; gelling agents; packing gas; emulsifying salts; thickeners; propellants; anti-foaming agents; glazing agents; raising agents; anti‑caking agents; firming agents; acidity regulators; flour treatment agents; carriers; humectants; and carbonating agents. Indonesia notified that all these regulations conform with the relevant Codex standards. Food additives from animal sources must have a halal conformity certificate, issued by the Halal Products Certification Agency (BPJPH) or one of the Halal Certifier Bodies that officially cooperates with the BPJPH (see below).[380] The authorities indicated that if food additives are not regulated, stakeholders may nevertheless request permission to import/circulate them; they must submit a request to the BPOM who will assess and decide

3.140.  Maximum residue limits (MRLs) are set out in Ministerial Decree No. 55 of 2016 concerning Food Safety Control on Importation and Exportation of Fresh Food of Plant Origin and Ministerial Decree No. 53 of 2018 concerning the Quality and Safety of Fresh Food of Plant Origin. The authorities indicated that Indonesia always follows Codex standards for the setting of MRLs

3.141.  Over the review period, Indonesia also notified to the WTO new regulations on processing aids; heavy metal contaminants in processed food; prohibited raw materials in processed food; and irradiated food

3.142.  Packaged processed food products (imports and domestic production) for trade in retail must be registered with the BPOM to ensure that they comply with regulations relating to labelling (Section 3.3.2.5), safety, quality, and nutrition; a distribution license issued by the BPOM is also required. Registration involves submission to the BPOM of product information and samples for testing by either government laboratories or laboratories accredited by (or institutions acknowledged by) the National Accreditation Committee. BPOM Regulation 27/2017 sets out types of food which are not required to be registered; it appears to exempt processed foods packaged in bulk and sold in business-to-business trading.[381] Reportedly, registration requirements are one of the most difficult issues facing importers.[382] Approval from the head of the BPOM is required for each imported shipment of processed food, raw food materials, food additives, processing aids, and food ingredients

3.143.  MoA Regulation No. 55/2016 concerning Food Safety Control on Importation and Exportation of Fresh Food of Plant Origin governs food safety control system recognition, and laboratory registration requirements to import fresh foods of plant origin to Indonesia. It was notified to the WTO. It stipulates that fresh food of plant origin may only be imported to Indonesia from countries whose food safety control systems are recognized by Indonesia or countries with registered food safety testing laboratories.[383] According to the authorities, changes introduced by the Regulation were to simplify import procedures. As at end-April 2020, 36 trading partners had been granted access to the Indonesian market.[384] The Centre for Plant Quarantine and Biological Safety undertakes risk analysis of plant pests and plant products to be imported into Indonesia for the first time. A list of these risk assessments is publicly available.[385] As indicated by the authorities, the time to complete a risk assessment generally ranges from between six months and two years, depending on the completeness of the required documentation submitted by the exporting country. No fees are charged

3.144.  As indicated by the authorities, changes to rules on import recommendations for horticultural products over the review period were to facilitate importation.[386] Import procedures, including import licensing requirements, are contained in Table A3.4. Port of entry requirements for the import of horticultural products are set out in Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) Decree No. 42 of 2012, and those for fresh fruit, fresh vegetables and fresh bulbs in MoA Decree No. 43 of 2017. Quarantine regulations for plants did not change over the review period, and are set out in GR No. 14 of 2002 concerning Plant Quarantine.[387] Fees for quarantine, testing and inspection are contained in GR No. 35 of 2016 on Non-Tax Revenue to be Paid by Importers

3.145.  Risk assessment procedures for the import of live animals are based on Ministerial Decree No. 41 of 2019; they are implemented by the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health within the MoA. Only approved meat and poultry establishments, and those exporting animal‑derived products (i.e. dairy and eggs), may import products into Indonesia. Since 2017, fees have been levied for the inspection of animal products under GR No. 35/2016 (previously, the costs were borne by the Indonesian Government); fees charged depend on the number of establishments to be inspected, the number of auditors, and the number of audit days. According to the authorities, they are usually more‑or‑less USD 10,000, depending on the distance the auditors must travel, and air‑fare and accommodation costs

3.146.  MoA Regulation No. 42 of 2019 regarding the Importation of Carcass, Meat, Offal and/or their Processed Products into the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia and MoT Regulation No. 29/2019 regarding the Provisions of Export and Import of Animal and Products of Animal Origin (as amended by MoT Regulation No. 72/2019), detail the meat products eligible for import.[388] Importers must apply for an import recommendation from the MoA in order to receive an import permit from the MoT. Import permits are valid for six months. Requirements to have a distribution plan, contained in earlier regulations (MoA Regulation No. 58 of 2015 as amended by MoA Regulation No. 34 of 2016) are no longer in place. Halal certificates, from a halal certifier recognized by the Indonesian halal authority, must be provided. In 2020, new regulations were issued requiring confirmation (though laboratory tests) that imports of live animals are free from COVID-19[389]; according to the authorities, these requirements are being revised and are no longer valid. MoA Regulation No. 33/2018 on the Supply and Distribution of Milk removes the pre-existing requirements for dairy processers and importers to establish partnerships with local dairy farmers as one of the requirements to obtain an import permit.[390]

3.147.  Imports of live animals, meat, and dairy products may enter through any port of entry that has the necessary quarantine facilities in place. Quarantine and certification regulations for animals are set out in GR No. 82 of 2000 concerning Animal Quarantine and MoA Regulation No. 17/Permentan/KR.120/5/2017

3.148.  Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) Regulation No. 41/2014 lists the live aquatic species banned from import, and replaces the previous regulation in force. It extends the list of live species banned from import from 30 to 152 (exceptions allowed for scientific research). The rationale for the measure is to preserve fish resources and their environment, and to protect human health.[391] As indicated by the authorities, the species on the list are determined by a risk assessment on invasive alien species by experts, by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, and as contained in literature studies, and by recommendations from appropriate experts and discussions with relevant stakeholders. Import permits are required for all live aquatic species and fisheries products.[392]

3.149.  Director General of Fishery Product Processing and Marketing Decree No. 125/2014 specifies the fishery products permitted for import into Indonesia. They include fish species not available in Indonesian waters, except in the event of shortages and seasonal production limitations.[393] MOMAF Regulation No. 74/2016 covers quality control and safety for those imported fish products which are allowed and intended for human consumption. The regulation, inter alia, sets out importer registration requirements[394]; import permit requirements; labelling requirements; documentary requirements[395]; quarantine, testing and sampling (the costs of which are borne by the importer); and specifies the entry points for seafood shipments (eight sea ports; all international airports; and two border posts).[396] Under MoT Regulation No. 66/2018, import agreements are required for imports of 325 fish types; these are valid for one year.[397] MOMAF Regulation No. 11/2019 covers entry requirements for disease-/pest-carrier media and/or fisheries products.[398]

3.150.  Inspection of imports of fish and fish products is undertaken by the Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency within the MOMAF. MOMAF Decree No. 91/2018 lists the kinds of fish diseases, with the categories and carriers, and stipulates that imports (as well as exports and domestic movement) of the carriers are to be free from these diseases.[399]

3.151.  Under the 2014 Halal Product Assurance Law and its implementing regulation, GR No. 31 of 2019, all halal products sold on the Indonesian market must obtain certificates from the newly established Halal Products Certification Agency (BPJPH), under the Ministry of Religious Affairs. Previously, certification was voluntary, and was undertaken by the Indonesian Ulema Council. Since 2019, halal certification requirements have applied to food and beverages, and will be introduced for other products over the period 2021-26 (Section 3.3.2.5). As indicated by the authorities, all halal certificates issued by foreign halal certifier bodies (LHLNs) that cooperate with the BPJPH can be accepted; as at mid-2020, there were 45 LHLNs in 26 countries.[400] Importers must register halal certificates with the BPJPH, and place the registration number on the package before the product may be distributed in Indonesia. As noted in Section 3.3.2.5, various concerns about the implementation of this law were raised in the WTO TBT Committee, including with respect to labeling requirements and certification requirements

3.152.  The legal and regulatory framework for GMOs comprises: Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food; GR No. 21/2005 concerning Security of Biological Genetically Engineered Products[401]; and GR No. 86/2019 concerning Food Safety (see above). Under GR 21/2005, applications for imports of genetically engineered items (plant, animal, fish and microorganisms and their products) must be presented to the competent minister or head of agency. In assessing these applications, ministers/heads of agency rely on recommendations made by the Indonesian Commission for Biological Safety, which conducts technical evaluations and analysis through its technical team. The time-frames for undertaking assessments are set out in GR 21/2005, which also provides a window for stakeholder inputs. The FDA or the Ministry of Environment undertakes laboratory testing of GMOs; the costs are covered by the proponent. The competent minister/head of agency gives successful applicants a licence for the release and/or circulation of these products. According to the authorities, Indonesia allows the import of 34 types of genetically engineered products considered to be food-safe. There is no commercial production of genetically engineered products in Indonesia

3.3.3.1  Institutional and legislative framework

3.113.  The National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN)), a non-ministerial government institution, continues to be responsible for coordinating and facilitating all activities related to standardization and conformity assessment in Indonesia.[348] The Committee for Standard Development Policy (KKPS (formerly MTPS)) is responsible for providing standard development policy recommendations to the BSN Chairman for approval, including recommendations on the National Program for Standard Development. The KKPS consists of experts and representatives from government/regulators, and consumer and producer associations. The BSN is also the contact point for cooperation with international standard-setting bodies, and is the enquiry point and notification body responsible for the implementation of the WTO TBT Agreement

3.114.  The Indonesian Standardization Society (Masyarakat Standardisasi Indonesia (MASTAN)) represents stakeholders concerned with standardization, including from business, consumer groups, academia, and government, and undertakes training activities. It is an independent, not‑for‑profit non-governmental organization.[349]

3.115.  The law governing standard-setting and other related activities is Law No. 20 of 2014 on Standardization and Conformity Assessment.[350] It has a higher legal status than its predecessor (GR No. 102 of 2000[351]), and its scope was expanded to cover metrology. Its implementing regulation is GR No. 34 of 2018[352], which amended/expanded the rules of GR No. 102 of 2000 in the areas of: standardization and conformity assessment activities; related institutions; traceability of conformity assessment results; research and development; cooperation; information systems; guidance and supervision; and public participation. Other regulations concerning standardization are: PBSN No. 3 of 2018 on Guidelines on the Development of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and PBSN No. 2 of 2018 on International Standard Adoption and Publication Guidelines to be Indonesian National Standard (SNI).[353]

3.116.  The policy being implemented for national standards' development is the "National Policy on Standardization Strategy 2015-2025".[354] This incorporates the following steps: developing technical regulations; strengthening voluntary standards with a view to enhancing public confidence in national products and accessing global markets; strengthening synergies with the national innovation system; and strengthening the efficiency of national production

3.117.  Technical committees (TCs) within specific ministries are responsible for drafting standards within their respective spheres of competence; the technical committee chairs and secretariats are appointed by the BSN. TCs comprise representatives from government, consumer associations, experts and industry

3.118.  As indicated in the previous Review, the process of developing SNIs generally comprises five phases: programming; drafting; national consensus and finalization; SNI establishment; and SNI maintenance. The 152 TCs are responsible for drafting standards within their spheres of competence. They submit proposals for new or revised standards to the BSN based on stakeholders' needs. The BSN reviews the proposal and, if necessary, coordinates with the TC to ensure it is aligned with the TC's scope, before submitting it to the KKPS for approval. Approved proposals are put on the National Program for Standard Development. A draft SNI is then prepared by the TC, which may invite other stakeholders to provide inputs, and is sent to the BSN to be posted on its website for electronic balloting/physical voting by TC members (draft standards that are identical to international standards are directly subject to ballot approval (see below)). Technical experts and other interested parties are invited to examine draft standards, and their opinions are considered in the redrafting stage. The final draft, which is published on the BSN website, is subject to electronic ballot approval by the BSN; interested parties who are persons or companies that have a legal entity in Indonesia are eligible to participate in this ballot. All standards in force are published on the BSN website (http://sispk.bsn.go.id/SNI/DaftarList)

3.119.  As at early May 2020, Indonesia had a total of 10,858 SNIs[355], nearly 18% of which were harmonized with international standards.[356] The sectors where standards are most present are technology of materials, and agriculture and food technology (Table 3.18). As indicated by the authorities, almost all standards in the electronic, information and communication technology sectors are adopted from international standards (i.e. ISO, IEC and/or ITU standards), while many standards on agriculture and food technology are non-harmonized standards, due to environmental, geographical and cultural specificities. As at mid-2020, 6,182 enterprises were implementing SNIs, with 6,151 products being certified.[357]

3.120.  Over the period 2013-19, Indonesia adopted a total of 2,744 SNIs, 45% of which were harmonized with international standards (Table 3.19). Table 3.19 Standards development activity, 2013-19

3.121.  As set out in law, the Government, through its relevant technical agencies, may issue a policy to make SNIs compulsory in cases where they relate to interests of national security, safety, security, public health, environmental conservation, or economic reasons.[358] Over the review period, WTO Members expressed concerns about the lack of notifications to the WTO of draft technical regulations (see below).[359] As indicated by the authorities, activities to improve the timeliness of notifications include: establishing a National Committee on TBT (under BSN), comprising representatives from related stakeholders (both regulators and the private sector) for easy coordination; activities on various issues relating to the implementation of the WTO TBT Agreement; and the development of a website (https://tbt.bsn.go.id) as an integrated media of information and communication for stakeholders, to improve the notification and enquiry tasks

3.122.  As at February 2020, 205 technical regulations were in force, most of which were issued by the Ministry of Industry (Table 3.20). Of these, 134 were notified to the WTO. Most technical regulations in force are available online.[360]

3.123.  Between January 2013 and early April 2020, Indonesia submitted 58 regular notifications to the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade; the 60-day period for comments was observed for 57 regular notifications. The type of measures notified to the WTO included 58 technical regulations (Article 2.9) and 48 conformity assessment procedures (Article 5.6). Indonesia did not notify any urgent technical regulations (Article 2.10) or any urgent conformity assessment procedures (Article 5.7). The notified measures mainly related to human health protection or safety; consumer information and labelling; and prevention of deceptive practices and consumer protection.[361]

3.124.  According to the World Integrated Trade Solution Database (WITS) (last updated in September 2018), registration and authorization requirements for TBT reasons are among the top ten non-tariff measures applied by Indonesia. Registration requirements for TBT reasons covered 49.94% of the value of imports, and are especially prevalent for fuels, textiles, and clothing and footwear. Authorization requirements for TBT reasons covered 38.64% of the value of imports, and are especially prevalent for fuels, animals, food products, and chemicals.[362]

3.125.  Since January 2013, specific trade concerns (STCs) were raised by several Members regarding Indonesia's measures on: various processed and unprocessed foods, particularly with respect to halal requirements; toys; ceramics; cell phones and computers; broadband equipment; and alcoholic beverages (Table 3.21). All of these STCs were raised for the first time during the review period, with the exception of the one related to toy safety requirements, which was first raised in 2011 and continues to be of concern to several WTO Members

3.126.  The National Accreditation Body (Komite Akreditasi Nasional (KAN)) remains responsible for accrediting conformity assessment bodies (CBs), including laboratories, inspection bodies and certification bodies. Where SNIs are mandatory, conformity assessment is undertaken by KAN‑accredited CBs, designated by the respective regulators.[363] As at April 2020, there were 1,402 accredited laboratories (314 calibration laboratories, 71 medical laboratories, and 24 proficiency testing providers); 162 accredited inspection bodies; 74 accredited product certification bodies; 50 accredited quality management certification bodies; 22 accredited environmental management certification bodies; 10 accredited anti-bribery certification bodies; 10 accredited information security management certification bodies; 3 accredited energy management certification bodies; and 8 food safety management certification bodies.[364] According to the authorities, the recognition of foreign CBs occurs through bilateral or multilateral recognition agreements following the reciprocal principle. The KAN is a signatory of the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) and Asia-Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) mutual recognition agreements (MRAs), and the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) and Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (PAC) multilateral recognition agreements (MLAs). Over the review period, conformity assessment issues were raised regularly by WTO Members in their STCs regarding Indonesia's technical regulations

3.127.  Market surveillance/supervision of goods and services in the domestic market is carried out by the Directorate of Supervision of Circulated Goods and Services, within the MoT. However, for technical regulations, market surveillance is the responsibility of the institution which is designated in the technical regulation itself. These individually designated institutions must coordinate their activities with the MoT, and must also comply with the rules on MoT market surveillance procedures

3.128.  Over the review period, there were the following labelling-related developments: in 2019, MoH Regulation 30/2013 (as amended by MoH Regulation 63/2015) entered into force; this requires inclusion of sugar, salt and fat content information, as well as health messages, on the labels of processed and fast foods; the content information must be based on testing reports conducted by an accredited laboratory.[365] Indonesia has not yet determined the categories of processed food for which labelling is mandatory. In the context of this Review, the authorities indicated that the regulation is being revised, and public consultation will be opened. Various STCs were raised in the WTO TBT Committee regarding these requirements (Table 3.21); in 2018, a new regulation on food labelling (BPOM Regulation No. 31) was issued, replacing and merging labelling rules on food contained in several previous regulations.[366] It regulates the criteria for non-halal information on the labels of processed foods that contain pork and alcohol; new mandatory labelling (and certification) requirements are being progressively introduced for halal products under the Halal Product Assurance Law No. 33 of 2014 and its implementing regulation, GR No. 31 of 2019.[367] Halal products include: food and beverages; traditional medicines and health supplements; medicinal products; cosmetics; chemical products; genetically engineered products; clothing, headgear and accessories; household appliances; Muslim worship equipment; stationary and office equipment; and goods for medical devices in risk classes A, B, and C. As confirmed by the authorities, such requirements for halal products other than food and beverages will not be implemented until 2026. Under the Regulation, non-halal information is also required for these products. Various STCs were raised in the WTO TBT Committee regarding these requirements (Table 3.21). As indicated by the authorities in the context of this Review, the requirements of halal labelling and non-halal information are not intended to create cost, be burdensome for companies or create confusion for consumers, but aim to provide adequate protection to Muslim consumers by providing clear information on these products; in 2017, tobacco labelling requirements were amended in order to revise the definition of health warning, and provide new guidance on the procedures for, and inclusion of, health and information warnings on tobacco product packaging[368]; in October 2015, less onerous labelling requirements were introduced for certain imported and domestically produced goods; the labels in Bahasa Indonesia may now be stamped on, included in, or inserted in the good and/or package, rather than having to be embossed printed or glued onto the product, as previously. Importers also no longer need to get a separate licence for the labelling; labels must just fulfil the SNI requirements.[369] The updated list of goods facing the labelling requirement is contained in MoT Regulation No. 79/2019, which entered into force on 18 April 2020. It includes, inter alia, asbestos, various textiles and clothing products, leather articles, footwear, paper, fertilizers and pesticides, paints, hydraulic brake fluids, rubber tyres, tableware and kitchenware; certain products made out of glass, ceramic and clay; cement; furniture; musical instruments; games and toys; iron, steel and metal products; pumps; air-conditioning machines; air filters; domestic appliances; office and computer machinery; electrical apparatus and equipment; wires and cables; telephones, cameras, microphones and loudspeakers; glasses frames; watches and clocks; and motor vehicle and motorcycle parts; and additionally, over the review period, various regulations entered into force requiring certain products (electric motor devices, air conditioners, refrigerators, and compact fluorescent lamps) to be affixed with energy saving labels